A.
DEFINITION
OF SYNTAX
Syntax means looking at the way words
combine together in a language (in this case English) to form sentences. One
way to study syntax is to look at sentences which we already know to be
considered syntactically ‘well-formed’ sentences to the speakers of that
language.
Syntax is central component of human
language. Syntax is also the system of rules and categories that underlies
sentence formation in human language (O’grady et al).
What is syntax??
› Study
of structure of language
› Refers
to the way words are arranged together, and the relationship between them.
› Roughly,
goal is to relate surface form (what we perceive when someone says something)
to semantics (what that utterance means)
› Specifically,
goal is to relate an interface to morphological component to an interface to a
semantic component
› Note:
interface to morphological component may look like written text
› Representational
device is tree structure.
B.
WORD
FROM
a.
NOUN
1.
Definition of Noun
Noun
is a word used to name a person, animal, place,
thing, and abstract idea. Nouns
are often described as being the ‘name of something’ including people and
places and we’ll stick with this definition for the time being, although there
are some difficulties with it.
2.
Types of Noun
a.
Proper noun.
Includes the names of people like Robert, John, Gerald, etc; the name of
the city, the name of regional, the name of geographic unit such as Bandung,
Surabaya, Medan, etc; the name of nationality or a religion as Germany,
Italian, Indonesian, American, Japanese; the name of a holiday as Ied
Mubarak day, Christmas day, Public Holiday; the names of day or month such
as, Sunday, Monday, August, December, etc.
b.
Common noun.
The noun that refers to the class, place, or thing in general. This noun does
not refer to the names, and the writing of the noun are not capitalized, unless
it is used to begin a sentence like town, book, water, lake, person, desk,
chair, country, etc.
c.
Concrete noun.
A noun that refers to a physical object can be seen, felt, touched, or smell,
like flower, boy, chair, book, husband, wife, baby, etc.
d.
Abstract noun.
A noun that refers to a concept, idea, or the existence of something in the
mind, such as the rod, justice, beauty, and agreement, democracy, etc.
e.
Uncountable nouns
are objects that cannot be calculated, the object that cannot be expressed with
numbers one, two, three, four, and so on, such as water, string,
poison, coffee, oil, money, water, and soap. But if you want this
type of noun quantified, we can use a quantifier such as a bottle of water,
a glass of coffee, a bar of soap, etc.
f.
Countable nouns are
objects that can be counted is a thing which can be expressed to the number one,
two, three, four, etc. Like man,
boys, desks, child, blackboard, board markers, etc.
g.
Collective nouns
are nouns that refer to a group of people, animals, or objects that are
considered to be one unit. Like the audience, class, family, enemy,
committee, team, crew, folk, flock, jury, group, nation, and government.
Collective nouns can also be expressed as a plural, so that the committee
can be committees, family can be families, and group
can be groups.
3.
Function of Noun
Noun may function not only
in the central core of the sentence, but also in structure of modification.
a. Function
in Central Core
·
Subject of Verb
·
Complement of Verb
·
Subjective Complement
(Predicate Noun)
·
Objective Complement
b. Function
in Modification Structure
·
Object of Preposition
·
Noun in Apposition
(Appositive)
·
Noun in Direct Address
·
Noun Adjunct
4.
Position of Noun
a. Determiners
·
Articles – the, a, an
·
Demonstrative
adjectives – this, plural these, that,
plural those
·
Possessive adjectives
§
from pronouns – my, your, one’s, etc.
§
from nouns – John’s, the girl’s, etc
·
Numeral adjectives
§
cardinal – four, twenty-five, one hundred,etc
§
ordinal – fourth, twenty-fifth, one hundredth,etc
·
Adjective of indefinite
quantity – some, few, all, more,etc
·
Relative and
interrogative adjectives – whose, what,
which
b. Preposition– at, on, in, after, since, by, until, for,
during, before, after,etc
5. Derivational
of Noun
·
-ment
·
-ship
·
-ion
·
-ness
·
-ity
·
-ence
·
-th
·
-ure
·
-al
·
-ism
·
-er/-or/-ist
·
-ic
·
-ary
·
-ag
C.
VERB
a.
Definition of Verb
Verbs are often
described action or state.
b. Function
of Verb
The verb
functions as the grammatical center for predication about subject. The verb so
basic that other functions (subject, object, complement) are determined in
relation to it.
c. Position
of Verb
The verb is used
after a subject, after modal auxiliaries, or before object or complement.
d. Verb Devided :
Lexical Verb
To walk Walked Walked
To work Worked Worked
To sign Signed Signed
Linking Verb
Be Being Been
Is Am Are
Was Were
Primary Verbs
Have Do Make
Auxiliary Verbs
Can May Must
Could Should Dare
e. Derivational
of Verb
·
en-
·
-en
·
-fy
·
-ize
·
-ate
·
be-
·
ac-
D.
ADJECTIVE
a.
Definition of Adjective
Adjectives are
sometimes called ‘describing words’ in that, as far as meaning is concerned,
they define attributes or characteristics. They commonly occur with nouns. In grammar, an
adjective is a 'describing' word; the main syntactic role of which is to qualify
a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
b.
Function of Adjective
Adjective
modifying a noun or pronoun.
c.
Position of Adjective
1. Position
of Adjective in Relation to Nouns
·
Left-Handed Noun Phrase
·
Right-Handed Noun
Phrase.
2. Position
of Adjective in Relation to Verbs
·
After linking verbs;
appear, become, be, feel, get, look, remain, seem, sound, and taste (as
subjective complements in predicate position)
·
After certain verbs and
their objects, as objective complement.
3. Position
of Adjective in Relation to Pronouns
·
After the pronoun
·
Before the pronoun
4. Derivational
of Adjective
·
-
·
ish
·
-ed/-ing
·
-ful/-less
·
-ic
·
-ive
·
-ous
·
-al
·
-y
·
-ly
·
-able+
·
-ary
·
-ate
E.
ADVERB
a.
Definition of Adverb
Adverbs often
add information in relation to circumstance of manner, time, or place; in other
words, they answer the questions ‘How?’,’ When?’, ‘Where?’
b.
Function of Adverb
An adverbs
modifies a verb, adverb, or entire sentence.
·
Adverb as modifier of a
verb
·
Adverb as modifier
(intensifier) of an adjective or an adverb
c.
Position of Adverb
Position of
Adverbs are wherever they want
1. Derivational
of Adverb
adjective + ly
2.
Type of Adverb
a.
Adverb of Time
Adverbs of time
tell us when an action happened, but also for how long,
and how often.
For example:
When did Marry
get married?
Marry got
married last year.
b.
Adverb of Place
Adverbs of place
tell us where something happens. They are usually placed
after the main verb or after the object. For example:
Where does she
study English?
She studies
English at Best School Yogyakarta.
c.
Adverb of Manner
Adverbs of
manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed after
the main verb or after the object. For example:
·
How do the work?
They work
quickly.
·
How does she study?
She studies
diligently.
REFERENCES
Thomas,
Linda. 1993. Beginning Syntax. USA.
Blackwell.
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